Dietary Resveratrol Ameliorates Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism and Jejunal Barrier in Offspring Induced by Maternal Oxidized Soybean Oil Challenge.

Increasing evidence indicates that maternal exposure to oxidized soybean oil (OSO) causes damage to the mother and offspring. The antioxidant resveratrol (Res) has a variety of health benefits. However, the protective effect of Res on mitigating offspring damage after maternal exposure to OSO and its mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Res on hepatic fatty acid metabolism and the jejunal barrier in suckling piglets after maternal OSO exposure. A total of 18 sows in late gestation were randomly assigned to three treatments. The sows were fed with a fresh soybean oil (FSO) diet, an OSO diet, or the OSO diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg Res (OSO + Res), respectively. The results showed that maternal supplementation of Res restored the mRNA levels of genes related to fatty acid metabolism and increased the activities of catalase (CAT) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in suckling piglets' livers under the OSO challenge. Moreover, the OSO + Res group restored the mRNA levels of occludin and claudin 4 in suckling piglet jejunum compared with the results of the OSO challenges. In summary, supplementation with Res improves hepatic fatty acid metabolism and intestinal barrier function of suckling piglets after maternal OSO challenge during late gestation and lactation.

Puerarin Alleviates Oxidized Oil-Induced Oxidative Injury and Inflammation via Inhibition of the Nrf2/Keap1 and HMGB1/TLR4/MAPK Signaling Pathways: An Investigation in a Chicken Model.

SCOPE: Puerarin has possessed a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, little is known about the protective effects of puerarin on the oxidized oil-induced injury. Here, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of puerarin are described using a chicken model. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 360 broilers are arranged in four treatments. Diets include two types of soybean oil (fresh or oxidized) and two levels of puerarin (0 or 750 mg kg-1 ). Results show that puerarin alleviates oxidized soybean oil-induced hepatic and thymic oxidative injury. This effect is observed by increasing the SOD activity and the expressions of Nrf2 signaling pathway-related genes and reducing the MDA content in the liver and thymus. Moreover, puerarin supplementation decreases the concentrations and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors in the liver and thymus. The potential mechanism responsible for this is the decrease in the mRNA or protein levels of HMGB1, TLR4, MyD88, and p65 in the liver or thymus. Western blotting results indicate that puerarin also decreases the phosphorylation of JNK1/2, ERK1/2, and p38 in the liver and thymus. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates puerarin may be a potential nutrient supplement in the treatment of oxidized oil-induced damage, and the Nrf2/Keap1 and HMGB1/TLR4/MAPK signaling pathways might be its important target.

Effects of soybean oil exposure on the survival, reproduction, biochemical responses, and gut microbiome of the earthworm Eisenia fetida.

With increasing production of kitchen waste, cooking oil gradually enters the soil, where it can negatively affect soil fauna. In this study, we explored the effects of soybean oil on the survival, growth, reproduction, tissue structure, biochemical responses, mRNA expression, and gut microbiome of earthworms (Eisenia fetida). The median lethal concentration of soybean oil was found to be 15.59%. Earthworm growth and reproduction were significantly inhibited following exposure to a sublethal concentration of soybean oil (1/3 LC50, 5.2%). The activity of the antioxidant enzymes total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were affected under soybean oil exposure. The glutathione (GSH) content decreased significantly, whereas that of the lipid peroxide malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly after soybean oil exposure. mRNA expression levels of the SOD, metallothionein (MT), lysenin and lysozyme were significantly upregulated. The abundance of Bacteroides species, which are related to mineral oil repair, and Muribaculaceae species, which are related to immune regulation, increased within the earthworm intestine. These results indicate that soybean oil waste is toxic to earthworms. Thus, earthworms deployed defense mechanisms involving antioxidant system and gut microbiota for protection against soybean oil exposure-induced stress.

Administration of lipid emulsion reduced the hypnotic potency of propofol more than that of thiamylal in mice.

Administration in a lipid emulsion can modify the pharmacodynamics of drugs via a process known as lipid resuscitation. However, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. We studied the volume and another pharmacodynamic effect, the lipid sink, using propofol and thiamylal. Male adult mice (ddY) were intravenously administered 10 ml/kg propofol or thiamylal diluted with physiological saline, 10% soybean oil, or 20% soybean oil. The 50% effective dose (ED50) for achieving hypnosis was calculated using probit analysis. To investigate the volume effect, 0, 10, or 20 ml/kg of saline or soybean oil was administered, either simultaneously or beforehand. Next, a two- or three-fold dose of the anesthetics was administered and the durations of anesthesia were measured. Finally, at 30 s after the first injection, supplemental soybean oil was administered. The mean (± SE) ED50 values of propofol and thiamylal were 5.79 mg/kg (0.61) and 8.83 mg/kg (0.84), respectively. Lipid dilution increased the ED50 values of both anesthetics. After injection of a dose two-fold the ED50 value, the respective mean (± SD) durations of anesthesia were 125 ± 35 s and 102 ± 38 s. Supplemental administration of soybean oil significantly shortened the duration of anesthesia of propofol, but not that of thiamylal. The results indicate that administration of a lipid emulsion vitiated the anesthetic effect of propofol by reducing the non-emulsified free fraction in the aqueous phase, which may elucidate the lipid resuscitation likely caused by the lipid sink mechanism.

Evaluating the in-vivo effects of olive oil, soya bean oil, and vitamins against oxidized ghee toxicity.

The aim of this study was to examine the protective role of various lipids (olive and soya oil) and vitamin (E and C) against the toxicity of thermally oxidized ghee in rabbits. Vanaspati ghee was thermally oxidized on a hot plate at 100°C for ten consecutive hours, and the oxidized ghee was stored in a refrigerator at -20°C until administration. Thirty male rabbits were purchased as experimental animals at a local market and were divided into ten corresponding groups of three based on their body weight. The blood samples of 5 ml were collected on day 0, 7, and 14 of the experiment for the analysis of hematological and biochemical serum parameters. We observed that oxidized ghee significantly elevated ALT level by affecting liver hepatocytes. Furthermore, vitamin E rapidly decreased the ALT levels compared to vitamin C and other oils. The oxidized ghee caused a significant increase in cholesterol compared to the other groups. Vitamin E and C showed the best antioxidant activity and decreased cholesterol levels to normal. Histopathological examinations of the normal rabbits' liver sections revealed no significant histological abnormality. The liver of the rabbits fed with oxidized ghee had an intact lobular architecture but the portal tracts showed inflammation and mild fibrosis, the bile ducts showed proliferation, and the hepatocytes showed feathery degeneration. In the liver sections from the groups fed with oxidized ghee and different doses of olive oil inflammation in portal tracts and large vacuoles in the hepatocytes were observed. The group fed with oxidized ghee and vitamin E had intact lobular architecture with no significant histological abnormality in portal tracts but fatty changes were present in the hepatocytes. These findings support the antioxidant activity of vitamins C and E as they reduced liver infection caused by oxidized ghee. It was concluded that oxidized ghee was highly toxic and not safe for consumption. The present study indicated that soya bean oil and vitamin E were more effective in protecting against the toxicity of thermally oxidized ghee than olive oil and vitamin C.

Supplementing Ca salts of soybean oil via low-moisture molasses-based blocks to improve reproductive performance and overall productivity of beef cows.

This experiment evaluated reproductive and productive responses of beef cows receiving self-fed low-moisture blocks (LMB) enriched or not with Ca salts of soybean oil (CSSO) throughout the breeding season. Non-pregnant, suckled multiparous Angus-influenced cows were assigned to a fixed-time artificial insemination (AI) protocol (day -10 to 0) followed by natural service (day 15-70). Cows were managed in 12 groups (46 ± 4 cows/group) maintained in individual pastures, and groups received LMB enriched with 25 % (as-fed basis) of CSSO or ground corn (CON) from day - 10 to 100. Both treatments were designed to yield a daily LMB intake of 0.454 kg/cow (as-fed basis). Cows receiving CSSO had greater (P < 0.01) mean concentrations of ω-6 fatty acids in plasma samples collected on days 0 and 55. Cows receiving CSSO had greater (P = 0.05) pregnancy rate to fixed-time AI (67.2 vs. 59.3 %), whereas final pregnancy rate did not differ (P = 0.92) between treatments. Pregnancy loss was less (P = 0.03) in CSSO cows (4.50 vs. 9.04 %), which also calved earlier during the calving season (treatment × week; P = 0.04). Weaning rate tended to be greater (P = 0.09) in CSSO (84.8 vs. 79.4 %), although calf weaning age and weight did not differ (P ≥ 0.72) between treatments. Kilos of calf weaned/cow exposed was greater (P = 0.04) in CSSO cows (234 vs. 215 kg). Therefore, supplementing CSSO to beef cows via LMB during the breeding season improved their reproductive and overall productivity during a cow-calf cycle.

Dietary Combination of Fish Oil and Soy ß-Conglycinin Inhibits Fat Accumulation and Reduces Blood Glucose Levels by Altering Gut Microbiome Composition in Diabetic/Obese KK-A y Mice.

Dietary fish oil containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids provides health benefits by lowering lipid levels in the liver and serum. ß-Conglycinin (ßCG) is a major constituent protein in soybean with many physiological effects, such as lowering blood triglyceride levels, preventing obesity and diabetes, and improving hepatic lipid metabolism. However, the combined effects of fish oil and ßCG remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of a dietary combination of fish oil and ßCG on lipid and glucose parameters in diabetic/obese KK-A y mice. KK-A y mice were divided into three groups: control, fish oil, and fish oil + ßCG; these groups were fed a casein-based diet containing 7% (w/w) soybean oil, a casein-based diet containing 2% (w/w) soybean oil and 5% (w/w) fish oil, and a ßCG-based diet containing 2% (w/w) soybean oil and 5% (w/w) fish oil, respectively. The effects of the dietary combination of fish oil and ßCG on blood biochemical parameters, adipose tissue weight, expression levels of fat- and glucose metabolism-related genes, and cecal microbiome composition were evaluated. The total white adipose tissue weight (p < 0.05), levels of total serum cholesterol (p < 0.01), triglyceride (p < 0.01), and blood glucose (p < 0.05), and expression levels of fatty acid synthesis-related genes (including Fasn (p < 0.05) and Acc (p < 0.05)), and glucose metabolism-related genes (such as Pepck (p < 0.05)) were lower in the fish oil and fish oil + ßCG groups than in the control group. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Coriobacteriaceae differed significantly between the fish oil + ßCG and control groups. These findings suggest that dietary intake of fish oil + ßCG may prevent obesity and diabetes, alleviate lipid abnormalities, and alter the gut microbiome composition in diabetic/obese KK-A y mice. Further research is needed to build on this study to evaluate the health benefits of major components of Japanese food.

Brain fatty acid and transcriptome profiles of pig fed diets with different levels of soybean oil.

BACKGROUND: The high similarity in anatomical and neurophysiological processes between pigs and humans make pigs an excellent model for metabolic diseases and neurological disorders. Lipids are essential for brain structure and function, and the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have anti-inflammatory and positive effects against cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Nutrigenomics studies involving pigs and fatty acids (FA) may help us in better understanding important biological processes. In this study, the main goal was to evaluate the effect of different levels of dietary soybean oil on the lipid profile and transcriptome in pigs' brain tissue. RESULTS: Thirty-six male Large White pigs were used in a 98-day study using two experimental diets corn-soybean meal diet containing 1.5% soybean oil (SOY1.5) and corn-soybean meal diet containing 3.0% soybean oil (SOY3.0). No differences were found for the brain total lipid content and FA profile between the different levels of soybean oil. For differential expression analysis, using the DESeq2 statistical package, a total of 34 differentially expressed genes (DEG, FDR-corrected p-value < 0.05) were identified. Of these 34 DEG, 25 are known-genes, of which 11 were up-regulated (log2 fold change ranging from + 0.25 to + 2.93) and 14 were down-regulated (log2 fold change ranging from - 3.43 to -0.36) for the SOY1.5 group compared to SOY3.0. For the functional enrichment analysis performed using MetaCore with the 34 DEG, four pathway maps were identified (p-value < 0.05), related to the ALOX15B (log2 fold change - 1.489), CALB1 (log2 fold change - 3.431) and CAST (log2 fold change + 0.421) genes. A "calcium transport" network (p-value = 2.303e-2), related to the CAST and CALB1 genes, was also identified. CONCLUSION: The results found in this study contribute to understanding the pathways and networks associated with processes involved in intracellular calcium, lipid metabolism, and oxidative processes in the brain tissue. Moreover, these results may help a better comprehension of the modulating effects of soybean oil and its FA composition on processes and diseases affecting the brain tissue.

Feeding thermally processed spray-dried egg whites, singly or in combination with 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol or peroxidized soybean oil on growth performance, digestibility, intestinal morphology, and oxidative status in nursery pigs.

Two experiments (EXP) determined the susceptibility of spray-dried egg white (SDEW) to oxidation (heating at 100 °C for 72 h; thermally processed, TP) and whether feeding TP-SDEW, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), or peroxidized soybean oil (PSO), singularly or in combination, would affect pig performance, intestinal morphology, digestibility, and markers of oxidative stress in nursery pigs. In EXP 1, 32 pigs (7.14 kg body weight, BW) were placed individually into pens and fed diets containing either 12% SDEW, 6% TP-SDEW plus 6% SDEW, or 12% TP-SDEW. Performance was measured at the end of the 24-d feeding period with biological samples harvested following euthanasia. In EXP 2, 64 pigs (10.6 kg BW) were placed individually into pens and fed diets containing 7.5% soybean oil or PSO, 10% SDEW or TP-SDEW, and diets without or with 3 mg 15-ADON/kg diet in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Performance was measured at the end of the 28-d feeding period with biological samples harvested following euthanasia. In EXP 1, dietary treatment did not affect pig performance, apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids (AAs), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) or nitrogen (N), ileal crypt depth, or villi height:crypt depth ratio (P > 0.05). The effects of feeding TP-SDEW on protein damage in the plasma and liver (P < 0.05) were variable. In EXP 2, there were no three-way interactions and only one two-way interactions among dietary treatments on parameters evaluated. There was no effect of feeding TP-SDEW on ATTD of GE or N, intestinal morphology, or on oxidative markers in the plasma, liver, or ileum (P > 0.05). There was no effect of feeding diets containing added 15-ADON on ATTD of GE, ileal AA digestibility, intestinal morphology, oxidative markers in the plasma, liver, or ileum, or pig performance (P > 0.05). Feeding pigs diets containing PSO resulted in reduced ATTD of GE and N, plasma vitamin E concentration, and pig performance (P < 0.01) but did not affect intestinal morphology or oxidative markers in the liver or ileum (P > 0.05). In conclusion, it was difficult to induce protein oxidation in SDEW and when achieved there were limited effects on performance, digestibility, intestinal morphology, and oxidative status. Furthermore, singly adding 15-A-DON to a diet had no effect on the animal. At last, adding PSO reduces animal performance, but has limited effect on digestibility, intestinal morphology, and oxidative status in nursery pigs.

Swine can be exposed to a variety of nutritional stressors that can affect their well-being and productivity. Three stressors of concern include grains with naturally occurring mycotoxins, oxidized proteins in feedstuffs due to overheating during processing, or lipids that have been damaged by excessive heating. Experiments were conducted to determine how susceptible a previously processed feedstuff was to protein oxidation and whether feeding mycotoxins, oxidized protein, or peroxidized soybean oil would affect growth performance, intestinal morphology, digestibility, and markers of oxidative stress in nursery pigs. Results indicate it was difficult to induce protein oxidation in previously processed protein by heating in a forced air oven, and if some protein oxidation did occur, there is limited effects on growth performance, digestibility, intestinal morphology, and oxidative status in nursery pigs. The data also indicated that adding an isolated mycotoxin was difficult to ensure proper mixing from which to analyze the complete diet from which to conduct animal research. At last, the data show that adding soybean oil that has been thermally processed to contain high concentrations of aldehydes will result in a dramatic reduction in animal performance, but has limited effects on digestibility, intestinal morphology, and oxidative status in nursery pigs.

Evaluation of supplemental fat sources and pre-farrow essential fatty acid intake on lactating sow performance and essential fatty acid composition of colostrum, milk, and adipose tissue.

A total of 91 sows (Line 241, DNA Genetics) were used to evaluate the effects of supplemental fat sources and essential fatty acid intake on sow farrowing performance, litter growth performance, and essential fatty acid composition of colostrum, milk, and adipose tissue. At approximatelyday 107 of gestation, sows were blocked by body weight and parity, then allotted to 1 of 5 experimental treatments as part of a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement. Experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-based with a control diet that contained no added fat or diets with 3% added fat as either beef tallow or soybean oil, with consumption of the added fat diets starting on day 107 or 112 of gestation and fed until weaning. Thus, sows were provided low essential fatty acids (EFA; as linoleic and α-linolenic acid) without supplemental fat or with beef tallow or high EFA with soybean oil. Sows were provided approximately 2.8 kg/d of their assigned lactation diet pre-farrow and then provided ad libitum access after parturition. Sows consuming diets with beef tallow had greater lactation ADFI (fat source, P = 0.030), but lower daily linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) intake than sows that consumed diets with soybean oil (fat source, P < 0.001). Supplemental fat sources providing either low or high EFA did not influence litter growth performance (fat source, P > 0.05). Sows fed diets with beef tallow did not influence the LA composition of colostrum; however, lactation diets with high EFA provided by soybean oil on day 107 of gestation increased colostrum LA concentration compared to providing diets on day 112 of gestation (fat source × time, P = 0.084; time, P < 0.001). Additionally, regardless of pre-farrow timing, ALA concentration of colostrum increased when sows consumed diets with soybean oil compared to beef tallow (fat source, P < 0.001). Both LA and ALA concentrations of milk at weaning were greater for sows that consumed diets with soybean oil compared to beef tallow (fat source, P < 0.001). Furthermore, concentrations of LA and ALA within adipose tissue were greater at weaning when sows consumed diets with high EFA compared to low EFA (fat source, P < 0.05). These responses suggest that providing dietary fat sources with high concentrations of EFA can increase backfat, colostrum, and milk LA and ALA. However, in this experiment, changes in colostrum and milk composition did not influence litter growth performance.

The lactating sow secretes essential fatty acids (EFA) in colostrum and milk to support litter growth and if dietary linoleic (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) intake during lactation are limited, subsequent reproductive function of sows may be impaired. However, the inclusion of dietary fat sources with varying EFA composition in lactation diets provided shortly prior to farrowing can increase the energy density of the diet and modify colostrum and milk fatty acid profiles that may influence litter growth performance and survivability. The first objective of this trial was to evaluate the impact of providing sows lactation diets with dietary fat sources that provide low or high EFA on colostrum, milk, and sow adipose tissue fatty acid composition. A second objective was to evaluate the timing of feeding low- or high-EFA diets within the last week of gestation on colostrum and milk EFA composition. Overall, providing dietary fat sources with high concentrations of EFA shortly prior to farrowing altered fatty acid profiles of colostrum, milk, and backfat resulting in increased LA and ALA when compared to providing sows diets with low EFA. However, changes in colostrum and milk composition did not alter litter growth performance.

Effects of oxidized soybean oil on the performance of sows and jejunum health of suckling piglets.

Oils provide a considerable amount of energy to the swine diet, but they are prone to lipid oxidation if not properly preserved. Consumption of oxidized oils can adversely affect the animal organism and even the offspring. This study investigated the impact of oxidized soybean oil in the diets of sows from 107 days gestation to 21 days of lactation on the performance of sows and jejunum health of suckling piglets. Sixteen sows were randomly allocated into two groups: one group (n = 8) was fed with the fresh soybean oil (FSO) diet, and another group (n = 8) was treated with the oxidized soybean oil (OSO) diet. Dietary oxidized soybean oil does not affect sow performance. Antioxidant enzyme activity in the milk was reduced significantly in the OSO group, such as the superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and catalase (CAT) activities (p < 0.05). On Day 21, oxidized soybean oil increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) levels in sow milk and the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-8 cytokines in plasma (p < 0.05). Suckling piglets from sows fed on OSO showed a trend towards increased IL-6 and TNF-α in plasma (p < 0.1). The mRNA expression of interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) was augmented, whereas interleukin 10 (IL-10) was decreased, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) had a tendency to be down-regulated in OSO treatment. This study revealed that the OSO of feed decreased the antioxidant capacity of milk, further contributing to the inflammatory response in the jejunum of suckling piglets.

Proinflammatory State in the Odontogenesis of Fetuses Exposed to Different Types of Fatty Acids during Pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to analyze the possible changes caused by the maternal ingestion of different types of fatty acids during pregnancy in the proinflammatory state in the odontogenesis of the fetuses. SUBJECT AND METHODS: Twenty-four jaws (n = 6 per group) of Wistar rats were collected on the 20th day of intrauterine life. Mothers were separated on the first day of pregnancy into 4 groups according to diet, as described below: control group (C) - diet with soy oil as a source of fat; saturated fatty acid group (S) - diet with lard in saturated fatty acids; trans-fatty acid group (T) - diet with vegetable fat, rich in trans-saturated fatty acids; and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) group - diet with fish oil, rich in PUFAs. RESULTS: Microscopic analysis showed no alterations in tissue development of the teeth between the groups with different lipid diets (T, S, and PUFA) when compared to the control group (C); immunohistochemical analysis for the expression of JAK2, STAT3, P-STAT3, SOCS3, and IL-6 showed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) compared to the control group. However, there were changes (p < 0.05) between the T group and the PUFA group in the expression of JAK2. CONCLUSION: Thus, lipid consumption in the maternal diet remains a topic to be explored in embryonic development, despite not causing morphological changes to the tooth germ of rats.

Novel lipid emulsion for total parenteral nutrition based on 18-carbon n-3 fatty acids elicits a superior immunometabolic phenotype in a murine model compared with standard lipid emulsions.

BACKGROUND: While lipid emulsions in modern formulations for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) provide essential fatty acids and dense calories, they also promote inflammation and immunometabolic disruptions. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to develop a novel lipid emulsion for TPN use with superior immunometabolic actions compared with available standard lipid emulsions. METHODS: A novel lipid emulsion [Vegaven (VV)] containing 30% of 18-carbon n-3 fatty acids (α-linolenic acid and stearidonic acid) was developed for TPN (VV-TPN) and compared with TPN containing soybean oil-based lipid emulsion (IL-TPN) and fish-oil-based lipid emulsion (OV-TPN). In vivo studies were performed in instrumented male C57BL/6 mice subjected to 7-d TPN prior to analysis of cytokines, indices of whole-body and hepatic glucose metabolism, immune cells, lipid mediators, and mucosal bowel microbiome. RESULTS: IL-6 to IL-10 ratios were significantly lower in liver and skeletal muscle of VV-TPN mice when compared with IL-TPN or OV-TPN mice. VV-TPN and OV-TPN each increased hepatic insulin receptor abundance and resulted in similar HOMA-IR values, whereas only VV-TPN increased hepatic insulin receptor substrate 2 and maintained normal hepatic glycogen content, effects that were IL-10-dependent and mediated by glucokinase activation. The percentages of IFN-γ- and IL-17-expressing CD4+ T cells were increased in livers of VV-TPN mice, and liver macrophages exhibited primed phenotypes when compared with IL-TPN. This immunomodulation was associated with successful elimination of the microinvasive bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila from the bowel mucosa by VV-TPN as opposed to standard lipid emulsions. Assay of hepatic lipid mediators revealed a distinct profile with VV-TPN, including increases in 9(S)-hydroxy-octadecatrienoic acid. When co-administered with IL-TPN, hydroxy-octadecatrienoic acids mimicked the VV-TPN immunometabolic phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: We here report the unique anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing, and immunity-enhancing properties of a newly developed lipid emulsion designed for TPN use based on 18-carbon n-3 fatty acids.

Effects of feeding high oleic soybean oil to growing-finishing pigs on loin and belly quality.

Feeding growing-finishing pigs supplemental fat is a common practice in the swine industry and can result in improved feed efficiency and reduced feed intake; however, dietary lipids also play a key role in determining pork quality. Objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of feeding graded levels of high oleic soybean oil (HOSO) on loin and belly quality. A total of 288 pig raised in two separate blocks (144 pigs each) were assigned to one of four diets containing either 25% dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS), 2% high oleic soybean oil (HOSO2), 4% high oleic soybean oil (HOSO4), or 6% high oleic soybean oil (HOSO6). Following the conclusion of the feeding trial, 144 pigs were slaughtered at the University of Illinois Meat Science Laboratory. Following fabrication, loins were collected for the evaluation of fresh quality measurements and color stability. Belly quality and fatty acid composition were evaluated using skin-on natural fall bellies. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.11) in pH, visual color, lightness (L*), drip loss, or WBSF among dietary treatments. However, visual marbling was increased (P ≤ 0.01) in loin chops from pigs fed HOSO4 and HOSO6 treatments compared with chops from pigs fed the DDGS dietary treatment. Additionally, loin chops were more red (a*) (P ≤ 0.01) from pigs fed HOSO diets when compared with pigs fed DDGS. Extractable lipid was decreased (P ≤ 0.01) in fresh loin chops from pigs fed DDGS and HOSO2 diets compared with pigs fed HOSO6. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.75) in trained sensory tenderness, juiciness, or flavor for loin chops from pigs fed different dietary treatments. Pork fatty acid composition was altered by dietary HOSO inclusion, with pigs fed DDGS having (P ≤ 0.01) the greatest concentration of C16:0 and was decreased with increasing levels of HOSO inclusion. Inversely, the percentage of C18:1n-9 was least (P ≤ 0.01) in pigs fed DDGS and increased with increasing levels of HOSO inclusion. Pigs fed DDGS produced wider (P ≤ 0.03) and thinner (P ≤ 0.04) bellies with reduced flop distance compared with pigs fed HOSO diets. Overall, HOSO diets did not negatively affect fresh loin quality or sensory traits of loin chops. Furthermore, feeding HOSO to swine resulted in bellies containing greater percentages of oleic acid and reduced percentages of palmitic and linoleic acid.

Feeding pigs supplemental fat to increase caloric density is a common practice in the swine industry. However, dietary fats are also a key determinant of pork fat composition and may influence product quality. High oleic soybean oil (HOSO), a relatively new feed ingredient, differs from conventional soybean oil in that it contains an increased proportion of oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid. However, HOSO has not been extensively researched in pig diets. Therefore, our goal was to investigate the use of dietary HOSO on fresh belly and loin quality. A total of 144 pigs, fed one of four diets that differed in fat source, were slaughtered at the University of Illinois Meat Science Laboratory. One diet contained 25% dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS), while the other three had graded levels of high oleic soybean oil (2%, 4%, or 6%). Pigs were fed diets for the last 14 weeks leading up to slaughter. Pigs fed HOSO produced thicker, firmer bellies and fat tissue containing a decreased proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with DDGS-fed pigs. Feeding HOSO had little impact on fresh loin quality and palatability compared with feeding an industry-reference diet containing DDGS.

Lipid Compositions of Total Parenteral Nutrition Affect Gut Peyer's Patches and Morphology in Mice.

INTRODUCTION: Although parenteral nutrition (PN) is the only option for providing adequate nutrition to patients who cannot tolerate oral ingestion, it severely impairs intestinal barrier function in terms of morphology and immunity. While addition of either soybean oil (SO) or fish oil (FO) to PN partially reverses these defects, the effects of the oil composition (FO/SO ratio) on morphology and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) have yet to be elucidated. We focused on the effects of the FO/SO ratio in PN on the number of lymphocytes in Peyer's patches, immunoglobulin A levels, and intestinal structures. METHODS: Male ICR mice (n = 61) were randomized into five groups; oral nutrition (Chow, n = 14) and four groups receiving PN without oral nutrition. PN solutions contained fat emulsions with the following FO:SO ratios: 0:1 (SO, n = 12), 1:11.5 (11.5FSO, n = 17),1:2 (1:2FSO, n = 13) and 1:0 (FO, n = 5). All mice underwent jugular vein catheter insertion. The PN groups were given isocaloric and isonitrogenous nutritional support with 20% of total calories from fat emulsions with equivalent fat delivery in 11.9 g/kg/d. After 5 d of each feeding, Peyer's patches lymphocytes were isolated from the small intestine, counted and analyzed with flowcytometry for determination of their phenotypes (αßTCR+, γδTCR+, CD4+, CD8+ and B cells). Villus height and crypt depth of the jejunum and ileum were evaluated with hematoxylin-eosin staining. Immunoglobulin A levels in the intestinal washings were also determined. RESULTS: Numbers of total lymphocytes and B lymphocytes in PP were increased in the 1:2 FSO-PN but neither in the 1:11.5 FSO nor the FO group, as compared to the SO group. There were no marked differences among the groups in numbers neither of total T cells nor in any of T cell phenotypes determined. The 1:2 FSO group showed significantly greater villus height and crypt depth than the SO group. IgA levels did not differ significantly among the four PN groups. CONCLUSIONS: The PN with 1:2 FSO (FO:SO = 1:2) maintained lymphocyte numbers in PP and intestinal villus morphology at levels nearly the same as those obtained with chow feeding. An appropriate ratio of FO to SO in PN is expected to prevent immunological impairment and morphological atrophy of the gut associated with lack of oral nutrition.

Evaluation of enhancing effect of soybean oil on polymalic acid production by Aureobasidium pullulans HA-4D.

Polymalic acid (PMA) is a water-soluble polyester produced by Aureobasidium pullulans. In this study, the physiological response of A. pullulans after the addition of vegetable oils was investigated. Soybean oil (SBO) is pivotal for shortening fermentation time and achieving high PMA titer. With the addition of 1% (w/v) SBO, the titer and productivity of PMA was, respectively, increased by 34.2% and 80%. SBO acted as a chemical stimulatory agent rather than a carbon source, the enhancement on PMA production was attributed to the component of fatty acid. SBO induced the dimorphism (yeast-like cells and mycelia) of A. pullulans, in vitro enzyme activities indicated that the TCA oxidative branch for malic acid synthesis might be strengthened, which could generate more ATP for PMA synthesis, and the assay of intracellular energy supply validated this deduction. This study provided a new sight for recognizing the regulatory behavior of SBO in A. pullulans.

Octanoate Alleviates Dietary Soybean Oil-Induced Intestinal Physical Barrier Damage, Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Response and Microbial Dysbiosis in Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys Crocea).

Octanoate is a type of classical medium-chain fatty acids, which is widely used to treat neurological and metabolic syndrome. However, the specific role of octanoate in repairing intestinal health impairment is currently unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether dietary octanoate repaired the intestinal damage induced by surplus soybean oil in Larimichthys crocea. In this study, dietary octanoate alleviated abnormal morphology of the intestine and enhanced expression of ZO-1 and ZO-2 to improve intestinal physical barrier. Further, dietary octanoate increased antioxidant enzymic activities and decreased the level of ROS to alleviate the intestinal oxidative stress. Dietary octanoate also attenuated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and the polarity of macrophage to reduce the intestinal inflammatory response. Moreover, the result of intestinal microbial 16S rRNA sequence showed that dietary octanoate repaired the intestinal mucosal microbial dysbiosis, and increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus. Dietary octanoate supplementation also increased the level of acetic acid in intestinal content and serum through increasing the abundance of acetate-producing strains. Overall, in Larimichthys crocea, dietary octanoate might alleviated oxidative stress, inflammatory response and microbial dysbiosis to repair the intestinal damage induced by surplus soybean oil. This work provides vital insights into the underlying mechanisms and treatment strategies for intestinal damage in vertebrates.

Lipid metabolic disorders and physiological stress caused by a high-fat diet have lipid source-dependent effects in juvenile black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different dietary lipid sources on growth performance, lipid metabolism, and physiological stress responses including oxidative stress (OS) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) of juvenile Acanthopagrus schlegelii (initial weight 0.88 ± 0.01 g) fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets containing different lipid sources were formulated: fish oil (FO), palm oil (PO), linseed oil (LO), and soybean oil (SO), respectively. Results indicated that fish fed HFD supplemented with FO significantly improved growth than SO treatment. The high concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase were found in HFD supplemented with SO. Fish fed dietary LO supplementation showed significantly lower serum cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein contents than those in SO group. Likewise, hepatic paraffin section analysis indicated that HFD with PO or SO supplementation increased fat drop. The expression levels of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha (pparα) and silent regulator 1 (sirt1) were significantly elevated by HFD with FO or LO supplementation. Additionally, the key marker of OS malonaldehyde was significantly increased in FO and SO groups. ERS-related genes were activated in dietary PO or SO supplementation and, hence, triggering inflammation and apoptosis by promoting the expression levels of nuclear factor kappa B (nf-κb) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (jnk). Overall, the present study reveals that lipid metabolic disorders and physiological stress caused by a HFD have significant lipid source-dependent effects, which have important guiding significance for the use of HFD in marine fish.

Evaluation of essential fatty acids in lactating sow diets on sow reproductive performance, colostrum and milk composition, and piglet survivability.

Mixed parity sows (n = 3,451; PIC, Hendersonville, TN; parities 2 through 9) and their litters were used to evaluate the effects of essential fatty acid (EFA) intake on sow reproductive performance, piglet growth and survivability, and colostrum and milk composition. Our hypothesis, like observed in earlier research, was that increasing linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) would improve sow and litter performance. At approximately day 112 of gestation, sows were randomly assigned within parity groups to 1 of 4 corn-soybean meal-wheat-based lactation diets that contained 0.5 (Control) or 3% choice white grease (CWG), 3% soybean oil (SO), or a combination of 3% soybean oil and 2% choice white grease (Combination). Thus, sows were provided diets with low LA and ALA in diets with CWG or high LA and ALA in diets that included soybean oil. Sows received their assigned EFA treatments until weaning and were then fed a common gestation and lactation diet in the subsequent reproductive cycle. Average daily feed intake during the lactation period increased (P < 0.05) for sows fed the Combination and CWG diets compared with sows fed the Control or SO diet. However, daily LA and ALA intakes of sows fed the Combination and SO diets were still greater (P < 0.05) than those of sows fed 0.5 or 3% CWG. Overall, sows consuming high EFA from the Combination or SO diets produced litters with heavier (P < 0.05) piglet weaning weights and greater (P < 0.05) litter ADG when compared with litters from sows fed diets with CWG that provided low EFA. Despite advantages in growth performance, there was no impact of sow EFA intake on piglet survivability (P > 0.10). Additionally, lactation diet EFA composition did not influence sow colostrum or milk dry matter, crude protein, or crude fat content (P > 0.10). However, LA and ALA content in colostrum and milk increased (P < 0.05) in response to elevated dietary EFA from SO. There was no evidence for differences (P > 0.10) in subsequent sow reproductive or litter performance due to previous lactation EFA intake. In conclusion, increased LA and ALA intake provided by soybean oil during lactation increased overall litter growth and pig weaning weights, reduced sow ADFI, but did not affect piglet survivability or subsequent performance of sows.

Supplemental fat sources are an effective and widely accepted strategy to increase energy density of sow lactation diets that can also provide essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA). Currently, the effects of supplemental LA and ALA provided shortly before farrowing on colostrum and milk composition are not fully understood. Additionally, the influence of elevated LA and ALA provided in sow lactation diets on litter growth and survivability responses has not been extensively evaluated. Therefore, this trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of fat sources providing low and high LA and ALA intake on sow performance, litter growth and survivability, colostrum and milk composition, and subsequent reproductive performance. Overall, sows consuming diets with high LA and ALA provided by soybean oil produced litters with heavier piglet weaning weights and greater litter average daily gain when compared with sows consuming diets with low LA and ALA content. Increasing LA and ALA by added soybean oil also increased their content in colostrum and milk. However, there was no influence of sow LA and ALA intake on litter survivability or subsequent reproductive performance of sows.

A Lard and Soybean Oil Mixture Alleviates Low-Fat-High-Carbohydrate Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice.

Dietary habit is highly related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Low-fat-high-carbohydrate (LFHC) diets could induce lean NAFLD in Asians. Previously, we found that a lard and soybean oil mixture reduced fat accumulation with a medium-fat diet; therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effect of a lard and soybean oil mixture (LFHC diet) on NAFLD and its underlying mechanisms. Mice in groups were fed with lard, soybean oil, or a lard and soybean oil mixture-an LFHC diet-separately. Our results showed that mixed oil significantly inhibited serum triglyceride, liver triglyceride, serum free fatty acids (FFAs), and liver FFAs compared with soybean oil or lard, and we found fewer inflammatory cells in mice fed with mixed oil. RNA-seq results indicate that mixed oil reduced FFAs transportation into the liver via decreasing liver fatty acid-binding protein 2 expression, inhibited oxidative phosphorylation via tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 downregulation, and alleviated inflammation via downregulating inflammatory cytokine. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry results showed that the mixed oil promoted bile acid conjugated with taurine and glycine, thus activating G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 for improved lipids metabolism. In conclusion, the lard and soybean oil mixture alleviated NAFLD.